BECCS report references

Note: Unless otherwise stated, all weblinks given below were accessed during November 2015.

1 Combining Bioenergy with CCS Reporting and Accounting for Negative Emissions under UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, International Energy Agency, Working Paper, 2011

2^ Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, International Panel on Climate Change, Special Report, 2005

3^ www.cleanenergyministerial.org/Our-Work/Initiatives/Carbon-Capture

4^ Climate Change 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change Working Group III Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, page 517

5^ http://sedac.ipcc-data.org/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/RCPs.html

6^ Towards new scenarios for analysis of emissions, climate change, impacts, and response strategies, IPCC Expert Meeting Report, September 2007http://www.iamconsortium.org/

7^ See for example the scientific studies listed at http://www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/biomass-resources/resources-on-biomass/

8^ Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers, International Panel on Climate Change

9^ www.carbonbrief.org/two-degrees-the-history-of-climate-changes-speed-limit

10^ www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628911-600-climate-downgrade-extreme-weather/

11^ https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/global/globe/land_ocean/ytd/12/1880-2014

12^ Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim? James Hansen et.al., The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2008

13^ http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/14/hl-full.htm

14^ See studies listed at www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/biomass-resources/resources-on-biomass/, which are some of the studies related to biomass electricity.

15^ Potential for Biomass and Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, International Energy Agency, July 2011

16^ Future bio-energy potential under various natural constraints, D.P. van Vuuren et.al, Energy Policy(37), 2009

17^ (Hoogwijk et al. (2010), Global potential of biomass for energy, in Global Energy Assessment-Preliminary results,  www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/ENE/GEA/index_gea.html

18^ Avoiding Bioenergy Energy for Food Crops and Land, Tim Searchinger and Ralph Heimlich, World Resources Institute Working Paper, January 2015,

19^  http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/

20^ Uncertainties in global-scale reconstructions of historical land use: an illustration using the HYDE data set, Kees Klein Goldewijk and Peter H. Verburg, Landscape Ecology, April 2013

21^ Agrofuels and the Myth of the Marginal Lands, by The Gaia Foundation, Biofuelwatch, the African Biodiversity Network, Salva La Selva, Watch Indonesia and EcoNexus, September 2008, www.econexus.info/sites/econexus/files/Agrofuels_&_Marginal-Land-Myth_0.pdf

22^ www.wwf.org.za/what_we_do/freshwater/?uNewsID=11922

23^ How does crop residue removal affect soil organic carbon and yield? A hierarchical analysis of management and environmental factors, D. Warren Raffa et.al., Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 81, October 2015

24^ See for example www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/DECC-open-letter-biomass-coal-april-2015.pdf .

25^ Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits, Gordon E. Moore, Electronics,April 1965

26^ www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Cases/MooresLaw.pdf

27^ www.techworld.com/news/operating-systems/moores-law-is-dead-says-gordon-moore-3576581/

28^ Beyond the learning curve: factors influencing cost reductions in photovoltaics, Gregory F. Nemet, Energy Policy (34), 2006

29^ http://media.cns-snc.ca/media/toocheap/toocheap.html

30^ http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/ccs-learning-lng-sector-report-global-ccs-institute/15-learning-curve-comparison

31^ www.carboncapturejournal.com/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=3512

32^ Potential for Biomass and Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, International Energy Agency, July 2011

33^ UK to build world’s first power plant with negative emissions, Fred Pearce, New Scientist, 5 August 2015, updated 28 September 2015

34^ http://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010048/2.%20Post-Submission/Application%20Documents/Environmental%20Statement/6.4.6%20ES%20Volume%203%20Section%20M%20-%20Green%20House%20Gas%20Assessment.pdf, Table 4

35^ http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/09/25/uk-britain-drax-ccs-idUKKCN0RP0GX20150925

36^ One of Air Liquide’s customers, Carbon Cure, is using CO₂ for a more durable product, i.e. in concrete production (discussed below). However, there are no indications that any of the CO₂ used for concrete production currently comes from ethanol fermentation.

37^ http://netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Energy%20Analysis/Publications/Near-Term-Projections-CO2-EOR_april_10_2014.pdf

38^ http://www.epmag.com/search-carbon-negative-oil-804696#p=full

39^ http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1876610214024485/1-s2.0-S1876610214024485-main.pdf?_tid=c169681c-8228-11e5-bb7d-00000aacb361&acdnat=1446554906_63e6dbc0f40938c564ac6639fbc80c6f and https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/decatur.html

40^ www.adm.com/en-US/responsibility/2011CR/Pages/carbon_sequestration.aspx

41^ See for example www.bioenergycenter.org/besc/publications/yang_enzymatic_hydrolysis.pdf

42^ Synthetic Biology, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Potential Impacts of Synthetic Biology on Biological Diversity, Technical Series No. 82, www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-82-en.pdf

43^ www2.epa.gov/fuels-registration-reporting-and-compliance-help/2015-renewable-fuel-standard-data

44^ www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/2015/biomass-gasification-and-pyrolysis/

45^ www.tuwien.ac.at/aktuelles/news_detail/article/3436/

46^ www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/energy-systems/gasification/gasifipedia/ftsynthesis

47^ http://users.abo.fi/rzevenho/gases.PDF

48^ www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/carbon-capture/post-combustion

49^ http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/carbon-capture-and-storage-research/carbon-capture-rd

50^ www.pfpi.net/carbon-emissions

51^ http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/biomass-ccs-study/overview-results

52^ www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/124389.html

53^ CO2 capture: Health effects of amines and their derivatives, Norwegian Institute for Public Health, https://www.fhi.no/en/publ/2011/co2-capture-health-effects-of-amine/

54^ www.zeroco2.no/projects/mongstad

55^ www.sepa.org.uk/media/155585/review-of-amine-emissions-from-carbon-capture-systems.pdf

56^ www.powermag.com/saskpowers-boundary-dam-carbon-capture-project-wins-powers-highest-award/?pagenum=1

57^ http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/is-the-boundary-dam-ccs-plant-in-canada-really-a-success-story-32486

58^ www.powermag.com/saskpowers-boundary-dam-carbon-capture-project-wins-powers-highest-award/?pagenum=1

59^ www.ndpcaucus.sk.ca/actual_carbon_capture_performance_doesn_t_match_wall_s_story

60^ www.saskpower.com/about-us/media-information/news-releases/ccs-performance-data-exceeding-expectations-at-world-first-boundary-dam-power-station-unit-3/

61^ http://endcoal.org/2015/11/boundary-dam-ccs-hype-goes-up-in-a-puff-of-green-smoke/

62^ http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5394a3cbe4b032d797fe179c/t/55142e0ee4b06a02803077d1/1427385870286/150326-BoundaryCCS-Report.pdf

63^ http://users.abo.fi/rzevenho/gases.PDF

64^ www.ieaghg.org/docs/oxyfuel/w1/04W1Wall.pdf

65^ www.zeroco2.no/capture/capture-technology/oxy-fuel/oxy-fuel#oxygen-production , accessed March 2015

66^ www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Oxygen.html

67^ https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/about/what-ccs/capture/oxyfuel-combustion

68^ http://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects

69^ www.thelocal.se/20140507/vattenfall-abandons-research-on-co2-storage

70^ www.theengineer.co.uk/energy/news/drax-pulls-out-of-white-rose-ccs-project/1021127.article

71^ www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/oli-munnion/blazing-trail-of-deception-white-rose-project-and-%E2%80%9Cnegative-emissions%E2%80%9D-techno

72^ www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/energy-systems/gasification/gasifipedia/igcc-process

73^ www.usea.org/sites/default/files/082013_Recent%20operating%20experience%20and%20improvement%20of%20commercial%20IGCC_ccc222.pdf

74^ www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Edwardsport_Plant

75^ http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/04/06/207833/does-nuclear-power-have-a-negative-learning-curve/

76^ www.c2es.org/docUploads/doe-ccs-memo-09-20-13.pdf

77^ http://exp.grist.org/clean-coal –

78^ http://msbusiness.com/2015/11/moodys-downgrades-mississippi-power-debt/

79^ www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/2015/biomass-gasification-and-pyrolysis/

80^ www.bioenergytrade.org/downloads/t40-torrefaction-2012.pdf

81^ Status overview of torrefaction technologies, IEA Bioenergy Task 32 report, December 2012

82^Bachu, S. Sequestration of CO2 in geological media: criteria and approaches for site selection in response to climate change. Energy Convers. Manage 2000

83^http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/climateChange/CCS/howCanCo2BeStored.html

84^http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_chapter5.pdf

85Mechanisms for Geological Carbon Sequestration. Dongxiao Zhang and Juan Song, Mechanics for the World: Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, ICTAM2012. 2014

87^Potential Impacts of Leakage from Deep CO2 Geosequestration on Overlying Freshwater Aquifers. Little, M. and Jackson, R., Environmental Science and Technology. 2010

88^ Leakage of CO2 through abandoned wells: role of corrosion of cement. Scherer, G. et al. Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations – Results from the CO2 capture project. 2005

89^The Role of Existing Wells as Pathways for CO 2 Leakage 2010. Celia, M. Search and Discovery Article #80093. 2010

90 Natural Leaking CO2-charged Systems as Analogs for Geologic Sequestration Sites. Evans, J. et al., 2004

91^Mechanisms for mechanical trapping of geologically sequestered carbon dioxide. Cohen, Y. and Rothman, D., Proc. R. Soc, 2015

92^http://news.mit.edu/2015/carbon-dioxide-sequestration-doubts-0120

93^Sequestering carbon dioxide in a closed underground volume. Economides, C. and Economides, M., Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2010

94^http://www.eenews.net/stories/90472

95^http://www.cenovus.com/operations/technology/co2-enhanced-oil-recovery.html

96^http://www.cenovus.com/operations/oil/weyburn-third-party.html

97^http://www.gasoilgeochem.com/reportcameron%20jane%20kerr.pdf

98^http://www.gasoilgeochem.com/reportcameron%20jane%20kerrfebruary2011survey.pdf

99 Tracing the fate of injected CO2 in the subsurface using chemical and isotopic techniques. Johnson, G., et al. Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions, 2009

100^http://www.gasoilgeochem.com/reportcameron%20jane%20kerr.pdf

101^http://dirtybusinessthefilm.com/2011/02/international-team-investigates-alleged-co2-leak-at-worlds-largest-carbon-storage-project/

102^http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/developers/ipac-co2-international-performance-assessment-centre-for-the-geologic-storage-of-carbon-dioxide

103^http://dirtybusinessthefilm.com/2011/02/international-team-investigates-alleged-co2-leak-at-worlds-largest-carbon-storage-project/

104^http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121116161023.htm

105^http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/regina-s-ipac-co2-to-close-march-31-1.1407789

106^http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/11/05/co2-capture-fraud-investigation_n_4219994.html

107^ Paraphrased from this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoB0UlDPHY4

108^http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/bmordick/investigations_find_no_evidenc.html

109^http://www.ecojustice.ca/pressrelease/long-awaited-investigation-into-co2-impacts-a-win-for-all-canadians/

110^http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/NewEnergy/Co2CaptureStorage/Pages/SleipnerVest.aspx

111^http://static.greenpeace.org/int/pdf/081201BRUtsira.pdf

112^http://static.greenpeace.org/int/pdf/081201BRUtsira.pdf

113^Calibrating reservoir performance with time-lapse seismic monitoring and flow simulations of the Sleipner CO 2 plume. Chadwick, R., et al., GHGT-8: 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Tech, 2006

114^ The Sleipner storage site: Capillary flow modeling of a layered CO2 plume requires fractured shale barriers within the Utsira Formation. Cavanagh, A. and Hazeldine, S., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2014

115^Looking for CO2 Buried at Sleipner: http://www.precaution.org/lib/looking_for_sleipner_co2.100727.pdf

116^http://www.npd.no/en/Publications/Norwegian-Continental-Shelf/No2-2007/Carbon-containment-in-the-spotlight/

117^http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/gperidas/media/Is%20Sleipner%20Broken.pdf

118^http://www.eco2-project.eu/newsarticles/items/north-sea-fracture-discovered.html

119^http://www.nature.com/news/seabed-scars-raise-questions-over-carbon-storage-plan-1.14386

120^ http://www.sccs.org.uk/images/expertise/reports/working-papers/wp-2014-01.pdf

121^https://www.spe-uk.org/aberdeen/knowledgefiles/In%20Salah%20Gas%20CO2%20Project%20Overview%20SPE%20June%202013pdf.pdf

122 The microseismic response at the In Salah Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) site. Stork, A., et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2015

123^The In Salah CO₂ Storage Project: Lessons Learned and Knowledge Transfer. Ringrose, P., et al., Energy Procedia, 2013

124^In Salah CO2 Storage JIP: Site Selection, Management, Field Development Plan and Monitoring Overview. Wright, I., et al., Energy Procedia, 2010

125^https://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/10/rcsp/presentations/Tues%20am/Karen%20Cohen/Wright.ISG%20CO2%20JIP%20US%20DoE%20RCSP%20ARM%20Oct%205%202010%20Wright.pdf

126^ http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/oil-gas-research/enhanced-oil-recovery

127^ http://ogjresearch.stores.yahoo.net/enhanced-oil-recovery-survey.html

128^ https://www.iea.org/media/workshops/2015/sally/JohnHarju.pdf

129^ http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/report/us_oil.cfm

130^ http://netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Energy%20Analysis/Publications/Near-Term-Projections-CO2-EOR_april_10_2014.pdf

131^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/12009687/Oil-prices-to-stay-lower-for-longer.html

132^ http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Majors-Sacrifice-Production-To-Protect-Dividends.html

133^ http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-113/issue-4/special-report-capital-spending-outlook/companies-slash-capital-budgets-as-oil-price-drop-cuts-cash-flows.html

134^ Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery, National Energy Technology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/publications/EP/small_CO2_eor_primer.pdf

135^ www.sinoaustoil.com/irm/content/pdf/Sino%20Australia%20Oil%20and%20Gas%20Technical%20Information.pdf

136^ http://www.ico2n.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Ico2n_EOR-Final-Report.pdf

137http://www.cmu.edu/gdi/docs/life-cycle-inventory.pdf

138http://reneweconomy.com.au/2015/bhp-billitons-boundary-dam-carbon-fudge-27835

139http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5394a3cbe4b032d797fe179c/t/55142e0ee4b06a02803077d1/1427385870286/150326-BoundaryCCS-Report.pdf

140http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5394a3cbe4b032d797fe179c/t/55142e0ee4b06a02803077d1/1427385870286/150326-BoundaryCCS-Report.pdf

141http://www.cenovus.com/operations/docs/Weyburn-Facility-Profile.pdf

142http://ptrc.ca/projects/weyburn-midale

143http://www.cenovus.com/operations/oil/weyburn.html

144http://www.co2benchmark.com/EPA-calculations-and-conversions

145^ www.dechema.de/dechema_media/ziel+des+foerderprojekts.pdf

146^ www.energy.gov/fe/articles/doe-selects-16-transformational-carbon-capture-technologies-projects-funding

147^ www.algaebiomass.org/blog/8567/why-bioenergy-with-carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage-beccus/

148^ www.scidev.net/global/biotechnology/opinion/-algal-biofuels-are-no-energy-panacea-.html

149^ http://skyonic.com/

150^ www2.buildinggreen.com/blogs/can-man-reinvent-concrete

151^ www.scotproject.org/images/BMBF,%202014,%20CO2%20utilisation%20project%20examples.pdf

152^ www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/213186/rwe-power-ag/innovations/coal-innovation-centre/co2-scrubbing/

153^ www.globalccsinstitute.com/insights/authors/dennisvanpuyvelde/2013/02/20/update-co2-capture-cement-production

154^ www.zdnet.com/article/199-million-to-turn-co2-into-cement/

155^ http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2009/04/02/203875/calera-caldeira-green-cement-carbon-co2/

156^ www.energytrendsinsider.com/2010/05/31/examining-calera-corporations-claims/

157^ www.novascotia.ca/nse/cleantech/cleantech.02.asp

158^ www.design-4-sustainability.com/case_studies/134-stronger-concrete-with-co2-injection

159^ www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/carbon-cure-concrete-lower-footprint.html

160^ www.uk.airliquide.com/en/products-and-services/bulk-gases/carbon-dioxide.html

161^ http://carboncure.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Basalite-Dixon-Mix-225-with-CarbonCure-EPD-20150408.pdf

162^ Synthesising existing knowledge on feasibility of BECCS: Workshop Report June 2015, Authors: N.E, Vaughan and C. Gough, AVOID 2,http://avoid-net-uk.cc.ic.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/delightful-downloads/2015/09/Synthesising-existing-knowledge-on-feasibility-of-BECCS-Workshop-Report-v1-AVOID-2-WPD1b.pdf

163^ The role of negative CO₂ emissions for reaching 2 °C—insights from integrated assessment modelling, Detlef P. van Vuuren et. al., Climatic Change, May 2013

164^ Betting on Negative Emissions, Sabine Fuss et.al., Nature Climate Change, September 2014

165^ http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/opinion/erik-meijaard-indonesias-fire-crisis-biggest-environmental-crime-21st-century/

166^ http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/bmkg-labels-indonesias-haze-crisis-crime-humanity/

167^ www.wri.org/blog/2015/10/indonesia%E2%80%99s-fire-outbreaks-producing-more-daily-emissions-entire-us-economy

168^ http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/two-million-hectares-indonesian-forests-lost-fires-since-june/

169^ http://www.globalfiredata.org/updates.html

170^ Robust twenty-first-century projections of El Niño and related precipitation variability, Scott Power et.al., Nature, October 2013

171^ Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming, Wenju Cai et.al., Nature, January 2014

172^ www.wri.org/blog/2015/07/indonesia%E2%80%99s-forest-fires-reignite-threatening-protected-areas-and-peatlands

173^ http://news.mongabay.com/2014/06/despite-moratorium-indonesia-now-has-worlds-highest-deforestation-rate/

174^ Certifying Destruction: Why consumer companies need to go beyond the RSPO to stop forest destruction, Greenpeace, September 2013,

175^ The EU Biofuel Policy and Palm Oil: Cutting Subsidies or Cutting Rainforests, Ivetta Gerasimchuk and Peng Yam Koh, Global Subsidies Initiative and International Institute for Sustainable Development, September 2013

176^ Price Volatility and Food Security, Committee on World Food Security, High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, July 2011

177^ Bioenergy Out: Why bioenergy should not be included in the next EU Renewable Energy Directive, by NOAH (Friends of the Earth Denmark), Biofuelwatch, Econexus, Global Forest Coalition, World Rainforest Movement, Rettet den Regenwald/ Rainforest Rescue, and Corporate Europe Observatory, September 2015, www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/EU-Bioenergy-Briefing2.pdf

178^ Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers, International Panel on Climate Change

179^ See relevant studies listed here: http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/global-status-beccs-projects-2010/2-scientific-background-beccs

180^ www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/just-what-is-this-consensus-anyway/